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Module 1: Describe the Issue
- Berwick DM.
 A primer on leading the improvement of systems. British Medical Journal. 1996;312:619-622.
- Langley GJ, Nolan KM, Norman CL, Provost LP, Nolan TW. The Improvement Guide: A Practical Approach to Enhancing Organizational Performance. New York, NY; Jossey-Bass, 1996.
Module 2: Build a Team
- Baker GR, Gelmon S, Headrick LA, Knapp M, et al. Collaborating for improvement in health professions education. Quality Management in Health Care. 1998;6:1-11.
- Bens I. Teams in Trouble: Strategies to Help Teams with Problems. Toronto, Canada: Participative Dynamics, 1998.
- Brassard M, Ritter D. The Memory Jogger. Salem, NH: Goal QPC, 1994.
- Gould BE, Grey MR, Huntington CG, Gruman C, et al. Improving patient care outcomes by teaching quality improvement to medical students in community-based practices. Academic Medicine. 2002;77:1011-1018.
- Hackman JR. Groups that work (and those that don't): creating conditions for effective teamwork. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 1990.
- Herman CJ, Speroff T, Cebul RD. Improving compliance with immunization in the older adult: results of a randomized cohort study. Journal of the American Geriatric Society. 1994;42:1154-1159.
- Scholte PR, Joiner BL, Streibel B, Mann D, Streibel BJ. The Team Handbook- 2nd Edition. Madison, WI: Oriel Inc, 1996.
- Tuckman BW. Developmental sequence in small groups. Psychological Bulletin. 1965;63:384-399.
Module 3: Define the Problem
- Bucher HC, Weinbacher M, Gyr K. Influence of method of reporting study results on decision of physicians to prescribe drugs to lower cholesterol concentration. British Medical Journal. 1994;309:761-764.
- Coggon D, Rose G, Barker DJP. Epidemiology for the uninitiated - Fourth edition. British Medical Journal. 1997.
- Committee on Health Care Quality in America (NAS Institute of Medicine). Crossing the Quality Chasm. A New Health System for the 21st Century. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2001.
- Langley GJ, Nolan KM, Norman CL, Provost LP, Nolan TW. The Improvement Guide: A Practical Approach to Enhancing Organizational Performance. New York, NY; Jossey-Bass, 1996.
- Rosenberg W, Donald A. Evidence-based medicine: an approach to clinical problem solving. British Medical Journal. 1995;310:1122-1126.
Module 4: Choose the Target
- Berwick DM. A primer on leading the improvement of systems. British Medical Journal. 1996;312:619-622.
- Donabedian A. The quality of care. How can it be assessed (Review)? JAMA. 1988;260:1743-1748.
- Kirk, R. Managing Outcomes, Process, and Cost in a Managed Care Environment. Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen Publications, 1997, p. 93.
- Langley GJ, Nolan KM, Norman CL, Provost LP, Nolan TW. The Improvement Guide: A Practical Approach to Enhancing Organizational Performance. New York, NY; Jossey-Bass, 1996.
- Rosenberg W, Donald A. Evidence-based medicine: an approach to clinical problem solving. British Medical Journal. 1995;310:1122-1126.
Module 5: Test the Change
- Aday LA. Designing and Conducting Health Surveys. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1989. p 38.
- Alemi F. Process Improvement. Plan, Do, Check, & Act Cycles.
- Amin SG. Control charts 101: a guide to health care applications. Quality Management in Health Care. 2001;9:1-27.
- Carey RG, Lloyd RC. Measuring Quality Improvement in Health Care: A Guide to Statistical Process Control Applications. New York, NY: Quality Resources, 1995.
- Carey RG. Improving Healthcare with Control Charts: Basic and Advanced SPC Methods and Case Studies. Milwaukee, WI: ASQ Quality Press, 2003, p. 7.
- Daniel WW. Biostatistics: A Foundation for Analysis in the Health Sciences - 5th Edition. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, 1991.
- Fletcher RH, Fletcher SW, Wagner EH. Clinical Epidemiology: The Essentials - 2nd Edition. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1988, p. 7.
- Hulley SB, Cummings SR. Designing Clinical Research. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1988, p. 35.
- Kahn HA, Sempos CT. Statistical Methods in Epidemiology. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1989, p. 85.
- Kleinbaum DG, Kupper LL, Morgenstern H. Epidemiologic Research. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1982, p. 5.
- Plsek PE. Tutorial: introduction to control charts. Quality Management in Health Care. 1992;1:65-74.
- Shott S. Statistics for Health Professionals. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company, 1990, pp. 11-19.
- Wheeler DJ. Understanding Variation: The Key to Managing Chaos - 2nd Edition. Knoxville, TN: SPC Press, 2000.
Module 6: Reconsider or Extend Improvement Efforts
- Berwick DM. A primer on leading the improvement of systems. British Medical Journal. 1996;312:619-622.
- Cain M, Mittman R. Diffusion of Innovation in Healthcare
 . Prepared by the Institute for the Future for the California HealthCare Foundation. May, 2002.
- Institute for Healthcare Improvement. Spreading Changes. Downloaded October 16, 2007.
- Rogers EM. Lessons for guidelines from the diffusion of innovations. Joint Commission Journal of Quality Improvement. 1995;21:324-328.
- UK Institute for Innovation and Improvement. Substainability and its Relationship with Spread and Adoption. Downloaded October 16, 2007.
References for Acute Pancreatitis Algorithm
- Andrulli A, Perri F, Annese V. Guidelines for treatment of acute pancreatitis. Gut. 1999;44:579-580.
- Armengol-Carrasco M, Oller B, Escudero LE, et al. Specific prognostic factors for secondary pancreatic infection in severe acute pancreatitis. Digestive Surgery. 1999;16:125-129.
- Author unknown. United Kingdom guidelines for the management of acute pancreatitis. British Society of Gastroenterology. Gut. 1998;42(Suppl 2):S1-S13.
- Balthazar EJ, Freeny PC, VanSonnenberg E. Imaging and intervention in acute pancreatitis (Review). Radiology. 1994;193:297-306.
- Banks P. Practice guidelines in acute pancreatitis. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1997;92:377-386.
- Beger H, Isenmann R. Surgical management of necrotizing pancreatitis. Surgical Clinics of North America. 1999;79:783-800.
- Blamey SL, Imrie CW, O'Neill J, Gilmour WH, et al. Prognostic factors in acute pancreatitis. Gut. 1984;25:1340-1346.
- Bradley EL. A clinically based classification for acute pancreatitis. Archives of Surgery. 1993;128:586-590.
- Dervenis C, Johnson CD, Bassi C, Bradley E, et al. Diagnosis, objective assessment of severity, and management of acute pancreatitis. Santorini Consensus Conference. Interntional Journal of Pancreatology. 1999;25:195-210.
- Fan ST, Lai EC, Mok FP, Lo CM, et al. Early treatment of acute biliary pancreatitis by endoscopic papillotomy. New England Journal of Medicine. 1993;328:228-232.
- Feldman M, et al. Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis. In: Sleisenger & Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease - 6th Edition. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders, 1998, pp. 831-833.
- Golub R, Siddiqi F, Pohl D. Role of antibiotics in acute pancreatitis: a meta-analysis. Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery. 1998;2:496-503.
- Gottlieb K, Sherman S, Pezzi J, Esber E, et al. Early recognition of post-ERCP pancreatitis by clinical assessment and serum pancreatic enzymes. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1996;91:1553-1557.
- Gupta PK, Al-Kawas FH. Acute pancreatitis: diagnosis and management. American Family Physician. 1995;52:435-443.
- Hodgdon AK, Wolfson AB. Pancreatitis (Review). Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America. 1990;8:873-885.
- Kaufmann P, Hofmann G, Smolle KH, Lueger A, et al. Intensive care management of acute pancreatitis: recognition of patients at high risk of developing severe or fatal complications. Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift. 1996;108:9-15.
- Kingsnorth A. Diagnosing acute pancreatitis: room for improvement (Review)? Hospital Medicine. 1998;59:191-194.
- Kramer KM, Levy H. Prophylactic antibiotics for severe acute pancreatitis: the beginning of an era (Review). Pharmacotherapy. 1999;19:592-602.
- Levy P, Heresbach D, Pariente EA, Boruchowicz A, et al. Frequency and risk factors of recurrent pain during feeding inpatients with acute pancreatitis: a multivariate multicentre prospective study of 116 patients. Gut. 1997;40:262-266.
- Loiudice TA, Lang J, Mehta H, Banta L. Treatment of acute alcoholic pancreatitis: the roles of cimetidine and nasogastric suction. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1984;79:553-558.
- Malcynski JT, Iwanow IC, Burchard KW. Severe pancreatitis: determinants of mortality in a tertiary referral center. Archives of Surgery. 1996;131:242-246.
- Martinez J, Sanchez-Paya J, Palazon JM, Aparicio JR, et al. Obesity: a prognostic factor of severity in acute pancreatitis. Pancreas. 1999;19:15-20.
- Neoptolemos JP, Raraty M, Finch M, Sutton R. Acute pancreatitis: the substancial human and financial costs (Review). Gut. 1998;42:886-891.
- Okerberg K, Lee M. Spuriously normal amylase levels in a patient with acute pancreatitis secondary to hypertriglyceridemia. Journal of the American Board of Family Practice. 1999;12:68-70.
- Pezzilli R, Billi P, Barakat B, Broccoli P, et al. The use of the peripheral leukocyte count and chest X-rays in early assessment of the severity of acute pancreatitis in comparison with the Ranson score system. Panminerva Medica. 1999;41:39-42.
- Powell JJ, Miles R, Siriwardena AK. Antibiotic prophylaxis in the initial management of severe acute pancreatitis. British Journal of Surgery. 1998;85:582-587.
- Schmid SW, Uhl W, Friess H, Malfertheiner P, et al. The role of infection in acute pancreatitis. Gut. 1999;45:311-316.
- Steinberg W, Tenner S. Acute pancreatitis (Review). New England Journal of Medicine. 1994;330:1198-1210.
- Talamini G, Bassi C, Falconi M, Sartori N, et al. Risk of death from acute pancreatitis: role of early, simple routine data. International Journal of Pancreatology. 1996;19:15-24.
- Tenner S, Dubner H, Steinberg W. Predicting gallstone pancreatitis with laboratory parameters: a meta-analysis. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1994;89:1863-1866.
- Toskes PP. Advances in Acute Pancreatitis: Pancreatitis Forum. University of Florida, August 1977, pp. 1-8.
- Tran DD, Cuesta MA. Evaluation of severity in patients with acute pancreatitis. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1992;87:604-608.
- Wallach J. Hepatobiliary Diseases and Diseases of the Pancreas. In: Interpretation of Diagnostic Tests: A Synopsis of Laboratory Medicine - 5th Edition. Boston, MA: Little Brown and Company, 1992, pp. 209-213.
- Wilson C, Heath DI, Imrie CW. Prediction of outcome in acute pancreatitis: a comparative study of APACHE II, clinical assessment and multiple factor scoring systems. British Journal of Surgery. 1990;77:1260-1264.
- Windsor AC, Kanwar S, Li AG, Barnes E, et al. Compared with parenteral nutrition, enteral feeding attenuates the acute phase response and improves disease severity in acute pancreatitis. Gut. 1998;42:431-435.
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